Fruit trees in Santa Fe

Santa Fe is high and sunny, which makes for a pleasant four season environment, but causes problems for fruit trees. The intense sunlight can trick the trees into blooming much too early. Then a cold snap or snow is bound to come along and kill the poor innocent little blossoms, leaving us with no fruit! This picture was taken on April 2, and the apricot , always adventurous, is already starting to burst into bloom.

Here is the grand old apricot at LQ, a week later, in full, glorious bloom.

That same year, at TP, the apricot in front of our house has already had its blossoms blasted by freezing night time temperatures. But as long as some buds don't open until after a killing frost, there is still a chance for fruit. The blooms which are turning brown had frozen, but new ones open each day. Hope springs eternal!

But that night it snowed, and the blooms were burdened with an inch of snow the next morning. No fruit again!

Two days later we got yet another snowfall. Don't get me wrong; I love spring snows...we always need the moisture! But we've yet to pick a single apricot from this tree, and it's 11 years old! The problem is the placement. It is on a south-facing slope. This means it gets a lot of direct winter sunshine, and blooms earlier than it should. Best to place early bloomers on a north-facing slope or on the north side of a building to avoid this problem.

And here is another beautiful show on April 16th of crabapple blossoms. Some trees seem more tolerant of cold than others. We always get crabapples!

Pruning Fruit Trees

I am no expert on fruit tree care, but local nurseryman Gordon Tooley of Tooley's Trees is. I attended a very good workshop he gave a couple of years ago in early March on pruning, and I thought my photos from that day would provide some useful illustrations for a winter task which many find confusing.

In this shot we see a young tree, probably about three years old. It has already been pruned the year before for shape. Take note of the angle of the branches; they spread out from the trunk with a wide angle. Just three or four well-spaced main branches is desirable. However, the water sprouts from the base of the tree must be removed.

Gordon held onto every little branch he cut, rather than dropping them on the ground. Between trees he sprayed his pruners with a bleach solution he carried in a spray bottle. All this was for disease prevention. The pruned branches could be used for grafting if one was that ambitious.

He pruned to open up the interior of the tree, and to eliminate crossed branches. As a rule of thumb, there should be room for a bird to be able to fly through a fruit tree without brushing its wings on the branches. Fewer branches means that the tree sends more energy to the fruit, so it gets bigger. It also means better air circulation for disease resistance, and facilitates harvesting.

Where three branches emerged from one point he has cut one out to leave the two which were the best placed. Note that the cut is near the trunk. A well done cut like this is placed barely outside of the ring at the base of the branch. This ring, if left intact, will continue to grow, allowing the tree to seal the cut over time. He also removes branches growing at too tight an angle, which would result in a weak joint that could later break under the weight of the fruit.

Here's an example of a poorly done cut from the year before. It was made too far from the trunk, and the bark peeled away as well. These flaws are the result of hurried, careless work, or a lack of knowledge. Such mistakes can open the tree up to disease. A cut like this can lead to heart rot and shorten the life of the tree. Look for the "dotted line" that shows you where to make your cut.

Here's a well-established orchard which had been neglected for many years. The trees have become overgrown and are now producing undersized fruit. They need thinning to return to productivity.

Originally this tree was pruned properly, and has a nice shape, but it needs a good thinning to restore it. A bird would have a tough time flying through that tangle! A stricter standard calls for being able to throw a cat through the branches...must've been a cat-hater that came up with that one!

Here you can see water sprouts which were allowed to grow. Obviously, even if you wanted to keep some to fill in a hole, there are too many for the tree to support. Suckers like these can rob the older well-placed branches of water and nutrients, and will eventually take over.

Timing is important for pruning. Late winter is a good time, as disease organisms are dormant and not liable to get into the cuts. The lack of leaves makes the branch structure obvious, and eases the entire process. However, winter pruning does cause sucker growth.

One of Mrs. B's favorite quotes from one of the English garden writers she loves (sorry I've forgotten which one) is "growth follows the knife". It's quite true. Whenever you prune you are liable to stimulate a reaction in the tree to produce more vegetation. This is a survival mechanism, to tolerate browsing by herbivores. It hasn't been long since trees had BIG herbivores with which to coexist and coevolve (giant ground sloths...think about it!). But if we prune we need to continue maintaining the trees to optimize their form for production.

Animals at TP

Here's our dog Cassidy, thwarted by the Cadillac of Compost Bins. The old compost pile was still there when the bins were first made. A pile needs to be at least four or five feet tall in the center when it is first built in order to have enough mass to hear up properly. It can be any length, and is always tuned in one direction: towards the garden. New material is added at the end away from the garden and finished material is removed at the end closest to the garden. Handy that way. But the dogs tended to dig up tasty scraps and made a mess of things, so the new bins were built.

About ten years ago a Mennonite family moved to TP and brought milk goats and chickens. Although they have since moved on, the goats and chooks remain.

There are now separate co-ops for each. A few families take care of the chickens and gather eggs. We like to let the chickens run in the goat pen, as we get a lot fewer flies when they can scratch around and eat the larvae.

Our goats are sable Saanens, the largest dairy goat and heaviest producer. These are our second generation, born here, and around seven years old. We love the milk! The co-op for the goats is made up of a mixture of TP residents and neighbors. These goats happen, by an odd coincidence, to be descendants from the herd we used to get milk from in the Santa Cruz mountains when we lived there! This is Becca, looking expectantly for a treat.

Here is Kat with the three kids she had this spring. As you can see, they love tree leaves and bark more than anything, making them useful in controlling the very invasive Siberian elms that were introduced to Santa Fe before they knew better. More on these elms later. Anyway, I have to give the goats credit. We have a nicely self-contained system thanks to them. We get loads of milk and cheese and yogurt, and a handy source of manure for the garden to boot!

Composting

A good compost pile is the backbone of a good garden. I like to have a hot compost, above 140 degrees Farenheit, preferably. The hot temperature is the result of microbes digesting the organic matter in the pile. Hot compost kills weed seeds and pathogens. However, some people prefer cold compost, which is easier to make, but takes longer. Anytime you put together a large pile of organic matter and water it will eventually decay. Don't feel daunted if you can't put up a Cadillac Compost Bin like we have. Just a pile will work, as long as it is big enough. Compost happens!

We used to just have a compost pile, which worked but was messy, especially after some of the community dogs developed a taste for rotted kitchen scraps. So the community agreed to invest in some really fine bins. I based the design on the ones we had been using at LQ, which Alec, the compost king, had built. But these bins are even better. There are four bins, each four feet wide and six feet deep by five feet high. The front is made of 1" X 10"s which slide into place between grooves. Between the bins there's a similar system in the front half of the dividing separation. The back half and the outside are reinforced wire mesh.

My husband Steve, the reigning regent of the veggie garden at TP, has taken on the composting duties as well. He likes seeing the magical transformation of waste into black gold. Finished compost is black and crumbly, with no smell. It is essential for organic gardening.

There are four bins in all. We use the left bin, Bin A, to accumulate chopped organic material. Kitchen scraps not fed to the goats and chickens, like onions, coffee grounds, and citrus peels go into the small tin trash can so he can properly integrate them into the pile. Bin B is the newest pile, made from a mixture of the goat and chicken pen mucked out material, the chopped weeds and prunings from bin A, and kitchen scraps all. These materials are layered like lasagna, watered as they go in. The whole pile is topped with a layer of straw or dry leaves.

The compost gets turned twice a year. It's a big job and does take some muscle. Definitely better with a few folks taking turns...that's one of the advantages of cohousing. Before the biannual mucking, we turn the piles to empty Bin B so it's ready to receive the new compost. Bin D, on the far right, is the oldest, and has been emptied by then. So the pile in C goes into D, then B is turned into C, leaving B empty for the new pile. The compost goes mostly to the veggie garden, which is close at hand. Some makes its way to the ornamental gardens as well, adding valuable nitrogen and organic matter to our sandy soil.

Here Steve turns the pile from one bin to the next. You can see how useful the removable slats between the bins are. The turning speeds up the process, as material that had been squashed on the bottom winds up on the top, and everything is mixed up, making material more accessible to the tiny organisms that are working on it.

I often liken building a compost pile to making bread. Both depend on biological activity to work, and require a familiarity with getting the right balance of ingredients. As Steve turns the material, he fluffs it with a practiced toss of the pitch fork. This adds air into the pile, which is necessary for biological activity. Meanwhile I add water with a hose. I use a brass shut-off valve to control the spray and am careful not to overwater, which would cause the pile to go anaerobic. It should feel like a damp sponge. Without any water, there would be no decomposition.

Because our manure comes from the goat pen, it is often trampled into hard layers. Here he breaks up the clods with a Japanese farmer's hoe, which we got from Seeds of Change. "Get the right tool for the job!" sez Mr. Natural.

On one of our Community Days, we see another cohousing resident cutting sunflower stalks into short lengths before they are put into the bin. This is an important step; chopped material breaks down much more quickly, and doesn't cause problems when turning the pile.

The finished product enriches the veggie garden in the early spring before planting. We love our compost bins; now we have a neat pile and no more sick dogs! The soil here is very low in organic matter and the sunlight is so intense that it burns it up quickly. If we didn't make compost we'd have to buy it to be able to do a vegetable garden. But since we have the animals and lots of organic waste at hand, it makes sense to nourish the land, and ultimately ourselves, this way.

A trio of Narcissi

A fancy more-than-double daffodil, possibly Narcissus minor var. pumilus, known as 'Rip van Winkle'.

A modern hybrid daffodil...this one appears to owe some of its genes to Narcissus poeticus.

My favorite of all this genus is the perfectly formed 'Thalia'. With its graceful swept-back petals it reminds me of a white dove in flight. This is a modern hybrid of N. triandrus which dates back to 1916. It does better than many others in our climate, and is especially elegant under early white-blooming shrubs in dappled shade.

Unusual species tulips at LQ

I'm not sure of the identity of this diminutive species tulip. Can anyone help?

Another unidentified shortie. These were probably all purchased from McClure and Zimmerman, so I can figure it out by reading the catalog descriptions. This is where good permanent labels are valuable, or good mapping and organizational skills. I confess, this is part of why I am blogging: to make up for my lack of the above!

Tulipa tarda with Scilla siberica makes a nice combination. Both are from central Asia.
Tulipa saxatalis is from Crete. As you can see, many of these blbs come from dry, rocky places. They appreciate a place that bakes in the summer.

Tulipa clusiana is a tall, graceful beauty native to Iran. Who knew?

We planted quite number of species tulips in the rock gardens at LQ. This charming little one looks like Tulipa fosterana, which originates in Central Asia. The higher elevations of the Southwest US have much in common climatically with that region. We order species tulips from McClure and Zimmerman, since they propagate their bulbs, rather than collecting from the wild. Such collecting can have devastating impacts on wild populations, and we need to avoid purchasing from any company that does it.

Old Reliable

Tired of flat tires, broken handles, and cheap fittings that don't hold up? Just get one of these! My husband's grandfather's wheelbarrow, with its metal wheel, has never failed us. It sits outside year-round and gets zero maintenance. Good luck finding one, though...it has to be almost 90 years old! They just don't make 'em like they used to!

Donkeytail spurge

An invasive alien, donkeytail spurge is often welcomed for its early show of brilliant chartreuse bracts and unusual form. Granted it's pretty, granted it's xeric, but it gives me and many others a rash horribly reminiscent of poison ivy and so I don't encourage it. It will self-sow abundantly if you let it. Here it is in bloom in early April. Note the ant sipping nectar in the close-up (click on image to enlarge).

Fall is the time to plant bulbs for spring beauty

Rock garden narcissus stand out if placed before a large stone.

In this shot daffodils grace the foot of a young maple. The land at TP is still in transition, as it has had one home or another in construction every year since 1997. While this garden hasn't had the consistent care of LQ, every new planting gives a delightful gift of beauty to the folks who live here.

Color in the early spring at TP

Here are English Violets and Aubrieta, both hardy perennials which tend to self-sow where happy, like the rock garden. Aubrieta is easily grown from seed, but little seen in this country. I bought seed many years ago from Chiltern's...a wonderful seed company out of England. The violets are fragrant and will rebloom in the fall. They make a delightful nosegay!

Exquisite!

Kaufmanii tulips are among the earliest bloomers, and tend to multiply.

Before they even begin to flower, some Greigii tulips sport beautifully patterned foliage. Their big, bright flowers only add to the show.

Red Hens and Chicks (Sempervivum tectorum rubra) fill a crevice with color all year long. Many succulents have colorful foliage through the winter and are hardy and xeric. These plants are also called House Leeks, referring to their traditional use as a plant grown on green roofs, a function for which they are admirably suited.

TP in early spring

Here the pleasing sculptural curves of a chitalpa are accentuated by a late March snowfall. This is a wonderful tree for our region, a hybrid of catalpa and chilopsis linaris (desert willow). The catalpa lends hardiness, the chilopsis drought tolerance. And because it is a sterile hybrid, once it starts blooming in early summer, it continues non-stop with abundant orchid-like blooms until the first frost!

The plaza at TP, with its fine view of the Sangre de Cristos Range. As you can see, the garden is still dormant in early March. Santa Fe has wildly fluctuating springtime temperatures. Strong sun and warm daytime temperatures can push plants to bloom earlier than they normally would, then late snowfalls can often bury the flowers. Many early bloomers are fortunately equipped to survive such abuse, and usually come through with flying colors...literally!

The variety of bulbs at LQ

This is Tulipa turkestanica, an unusual, graceful little species tulip with the delightful habit of self-sowing where happy. The seed heads are decorative as well, so you won't mind letting it stay to ripen and drop its seed in the garden.

Chionodoxa Luciliae, Glory-of-the-Snow

By early April many more bulbs are emerging. These plants have a neat system of storing enough energy in a bulb to estivate (go dormant) in the heat of summer, as well as being able to survive frigid winter conditions. It is not surprising to learn that many of our familiar bulbs originally evolved in areas quite similiar in climate to that of New Mexico. The Caucasus Mountains, The Arals, The Drakensbergs all have native species which naturalize very well here.